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© Martin Wall
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Botanical name: Melaleuca alternifolia
Common name: Tea tree oil
Parts used and where grown
The tea tree grows in Australia and Asia. This tall evergreen tree has a white, spongy
bark. The oil from the leaves is used medicinally.
Tea tree has been used in
connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual
health concern for complete information):
Historical or traditional use (may
or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Australian Aborigines used the leaves to treat cuts and skin infections. They would crush
the leaves and apply them to the affected area. Captain James Cook and his crew named the tree
“tea tree,” using its leaves as a substitute for tea as well as to flavor beer.
Australian soldiers participating in World War I were given tea tree oil as a disinfectant,
leading to a high demand for its production.
Active constituents
The oil contains numerous chemicals known as terpenoids. Australian standards were
established for the amount of one particular compound, terpinen-4-ol, which must make up at
least 30% and preferably 40–50% of the oil for it to be medically useful. Another
compound, cineole, should make up less than 15% and preferably 2.5% of the oil. The oil kills
fungus and bacteria, including those resistant to some
antibiotics.1 2 For common
acne, a double-blind trial compared the topical use of 5% tea tree oil to 5% benzoyl
peroxide.3 Although the tea tree oil was slower and less potent in its action, it
had far fewer side effects and was thus considered more effective overall.
A double-blind trial found that a 10% tea tree oil cream was as effective as anti-fungal
medicine at improving symptoms associated with athlete’s foot, though it was not more effective than
a placebo for eliminating the fungal infection.4 A double-blind trial found 100%
tea tree oil applied topically was as effective as the anti-fungal medicine clotrimazole
(Lotrimin®, Mycelex®) for people with fungus affecting the toe nails, a condition
known as onychomycosis.5 In another double-blind trial with toenail fungus
sufferers, a combination of 5% tea tree oil and 2% butenafine (Mentax®), a synthetic
anti-fungal drug, in a cream proved more effective than an unspecified concentration of tea
tree oil in cream alone.6 The results are not entirely surprising, as the tea tree
product alone was probably not at a sufficiently high enough concentration to be
effective.
A preliminary trial found that rinsing the mouth with 1 tablespoon (15 ml) tea tree oil
solution four times daily effectively treated thrush (oral yeast infections) in AIDS patients.7 Solutions containing no more than
5% should be used orally and should never be swallowed.
A concern for hospital staff and patients is the spread of the bacteria Staphylococcus
aureus—sometimes referred to as a “staph infection.” One small clinical
trial found that use of a 4% tea tree oil nasal ointment as well as a 5% tea tree oil body
wash was slightly more effective than standard drugs used to prevent the spread of the
bacteria.8
How much is usually taken?
Oil at a strength of 70–100% should be applied moderately at least twice per day to
the affected areas of skin or nail.9 For topical treatment of acne, the oil is used at a dilution of 5–15%.
Concentrations as strong as 40% may be used—with extreme caution and qualified
advice—as vaginal douches. For thrush in immune-compromised adults, tea tree oil diluted
to 5% or less is used in the amount of 1 tablespoon (15 ml) four times daily (as a mouth
rinse). Tea tree oil should never be swallowed.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
While tea tree oil can be applied to minor cuts and scrapes, use caution for more extensive
areas of broken skin or areas affected by rashes not due to fungus. The oil may burn if it
gets into the eyes, nose, mouth, or other tender areas. Some people have allergic reactions,
including rashes and itching, when applying tea tree oil.10 For this reason, only a
small amount should be applied when first using it. Tea tree oil should never be swallowed, as
it may cause nerve damage and other problems.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions
with tea tree.
References
1. Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of
Melaleuca alternifolia—A review. Lett Appl Microbiol
1993;16:49–55.
2. Carson CF, Cookson BD, Farrelly HD, Riley T. Susceptibility of
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca
alternifolia. J Antimicrobial Chemother 1995;35:421–4.
3. Bassett IB, Pannowitz DL, Barnetson RS. A comparative study of
tea-tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne. Med J Austral
1990;153:455–8.
4. Tong MM, Altman PM, Barnetson RS. Tea tree oil in the treatment of
tinea pedis. Austral J Dermatol 1992;33:145–9.
5. Buck DS, Nidorf DM, Addino JG. Comparison of two topical preparations
for the treatment of onychomycosis: Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and
clotrimazole. J Garm Pract 1994;38:601–5.
6. Syed TA, Qureshi ZA, Ali SM, et al. Treatment of toenail onychomycosis
with 2% butenafine and 5% Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in cream. Trop
Med Intl Health 1999;4:284–7.
7. Jandourek A, Vaishampayan JK, Vazquez JA. Efficacy of melaleuca oral
solution for the treatment of fluconazole refractory oral candidiasis in AIDS patients.
AIDS 1998;12:1033–7.
8. Caelli M, Porteous J, Carson CF, et al. Tea tree oil as an alternative
topical decolonization agent for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hospital
Infect 2000;46:236–7.
9. Brown DJ. Phytotherapeutic approaches to common dermatological
conditions. Quart Rev Natural Med 1998;Summer:161–73.
10. Knight TE, Hansen BM. Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) dermatitis.
Med J Australia 1994;30:423–7.
Copyright © 2004 Healthnotes, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The information presented in Healthnotes is for informational
purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro),
clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may
not necessarily occur in all individuals. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with
prescription or over-the-counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor,
practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or
before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires March 2005.
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